Psychoanalysis vs Behaviorism
The difference between psychoanalysis and behaviorism is a topic worth studying for every psychology student. Psychology, which is the discipline that studies the behavior and mental processes of human beings, uses a number of approaches to comprehend the diverse behavioral patterns and thoughts of individuals. Different schools of thought help psychologists approach this discipline through various perspectives. Behaviorism and psychoanalysis are two such schools of thought. Behaviorists focus on the external behavior of individuals and believe that behavior is a response to external stimuli. On the other hand, psychoanalysis emphasizes the centrality of the human mind. They believe that the unconscious has the potential to motivate behavior. This is the major distinction between the two approaches. This article attempts to provide a broader understanding of these two schools while emphasizing the differences.
What is Behaviorism?
Behaviorism originated with the intention of highlighting the significance of studying the external behavior of individuals rather than concentrating on the unobservable human mind. They rejected the mentalistic concepts of psychoanalysis such as the unconsciousness. Emerging as a school of thought in the 1920s, this was pioneered by John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F Skinner. Behaviorists emphasize that behavior is a response to external stimuli. Behaviorism is based on the main assumptions of determinism, experimentalism, optimism, anti-mentalism, and the idea of nurture against nature.
As this school of thought necessitates a higher degree of empiricism, the usage of experiments in laboratory settings with animals such as dogs, rats, and pigeons was visible. Behaviorism comprises several theories, of which the theory of classical conditioning by Pavlov and Operant conditioning by Skinner are of significance. Both theories emphasize different forms of associative learning. The theory of Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov forms associations between stimuli. It involves behavior that occurs as an automatic response to stimuli. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, involves the associations of organisms to their own actions with consequences. Actions followed by reinforcement increase while those followed by punishments decrease. This gives an overall picture of behaviorism where they believe that behavior is learned and is a reaction to external factors.
What is Psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis is an approach pioneered by Sigmund Freud, who is also considered the father of modern psychology. Unlike Behaviorism, this school of thought emphasizes the significance of the unconscious. Freud believed that the unconscious motivates behavior. According to the iceberg theory, the human mind comprises the conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious. While the conscious and preconscious are accessible, the unconscious is not. This harbors the fears, selfish needs, violent motives, immoral urges, and so on. This is the darker side of the human mind. Freud believed that Unconscious expressions come out as dreams, slips of speech, and mannerisms.
When speaking of personality, the Freudian conception was made of the three components, namely, id, ego, and superego. He believed that behavior is governed by the interplay of these three. Id is the most primitive and the least accessible part of the personality. Id seeks immediate gratification and operates on the pleasure principle. Ego serves as a mediator between the id and the circumstances of the external world to facilitate their interaction. It holds the id’s pleasure-seeking demands until an appropriate object can be found to satisfy the need and reduce the tension. Ego works on the reality principle. Superego attempts to inhibit id satisfaction completely, whereas ego only postpones. Superego works on the morality principle.
Psychoanalysis also spoke about human development. This is presented through psycho-sexual stages. They are as follows:
1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latency stage
5. Genital stage
Psychoanalysis also paid attention to defense mechanisms, which are distortions created by the ego to protect the individual in a healthy manner. Some defense mechanisms are denial, identification, projection, sublimation, repression, etc. These relieve the excess energy. These highlights show that psychoanalysis is a completely different approach to behaviorism.
What is the difference between Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism?
- Behaviorism is a school of thought that emphasizes the significance of behavior over the mind.
- Behaviorists believe that behavior is learned and is a response to external stimuli.
- Behaviorists engaged in laboratory experiments extensively to form theories such as classical and operant conditioning.
- Psychoanalysis, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of the human mind, especially the role of the unconscious.
- Psychoanalysts believe that the unconscious motivates behavior.
- The significance given to experiments in a laboratory setting is minimal.
- In this sense, these two schools of thought are wide apart, as behaviorists reject the mentalistic image of psychoanalysis, and psychoanalysis favors the studying of the human mind as the way of understanding the individual.
