Positivism is a theoretical stance in sociology that believes all authentic knowledge can be verified through scientific methods, such as observation, experiments, and mathematical or logical proof. It was first introduced by Auguste Comte in the early 19th century and is based on five basic principles: the logic of inquiry is the same across all sciences; the aim of science is to explain, predict, and discover; scientific knowledge is testable; science is not equal to common sense; and science should remain free of values and judged by logic.
Key Takeaways
- Positivism relies on scientific methods to study human behavior and society, while interpretivism prefers non-scientific, qualitative methods.
- Positivists believe that human behavior can be explained by social norms, but interpretivists see humans as complex creatures whose behavior cannot be explained solely by social norms.
- Positivism uses quantitative methods like structured questionnaires and social surveys, while interpretivism uses qualitative methods like participant observation and unstructured interviews.
What is Positivism?
Positivism is a theory that states all authentic knowledge can be verified through scientific methods such as observation, experiments, and mathematical/logical proof. The term positivism was first used by the philosopher and sociologist Auguste Comte in the early 19th century. Comte was of the view that human society has passed through three distinct stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific, or positive. He believed that society was entering the later stage, where a positive philosophy of science was emerging as a result of advances in scientific inquiry and logical thinking.
Moreover, there are five basic principles at the foundation of positivism:
1. The logic of inquiry is the same across all sciences.
2. The aim of science is to explain, predict and discover.
3. Scientific knowledge is testable, i.e., it is possible to verify research through empirical means.
4. Science is not equal to common sense.
5. Science should remain free of values and should be judged by logic.
Furthermore, in social research, positivism refers to an approach to the study of society through scientific methods. In research, positivists prefer quantitative methods such as structured questionnaires, social surveys, and official statistics. Moreover, positivists consider the social sciences to be as scientific as the natural sciences. The scientific methods they use in research involve generating theories and hypotheses and then testing them using direct observations or empirical research. More importantly, these scientific methodologies allow them to gain trustworthy, objective and generalizable data.
What is Interpretivism?
Interpretivism is a more qualitative approach to social research. Interpretivists are of the view that individuals are complex and intricate people, not just puppets reacting to external social forces. According to them, individuals experience the same reality in different ways and they often have different ways of behaving. Therefore, interpretivism states that scientific methods are not appropriate to analyze human behavior.
Interpretivism prescribes qualitative methods such as participant observation and unstructured interviews to analyze human behavior and society. Moreover, interpretivists believe that human knowledge of the world is constructed socially. For them, knowledge is not objective or value-free, instead, it is transmitted through discourses, ideas, and experiences.
What is the Difference Between Positivism and Interpretivism?
Positivism is a sociological approach that states that one should study the human behavior and society using scientific methodology, as in natural sciences. Interpretivism, on the other hand, is a sociological approach that states it is important to understand or interpret the beliefs, motives, and actions of individuals in order to understand social reality. In other words, while positivists try to treat sociology as a science dealing in numbers and experiments, interpretivists criticize this approach and say that sociology is not a science and human behavior cannot be explained through quantification. Therefore, this is the key difference between positivism and interpretivism.
Moreover, a further difference between positivism and interpretivism is the research methods they use. Positivism uses quantitative methods such as statistics, surveys and questionnaires whereas interpretivism uses qualitative methods such as participant observations and unstructured interviews.
The infographic below contains a more detailed presentation of the difference between positivism and interpretivism.
Summary – Positivism vs Interpretivism
According to positivism, society and human behavior can be studied through scientific methods. However, interpretivism states that human behavior can only be studied by using more qualitative and non-scientific methods. Moreover, while positivists believe that human behavior can be explained by social norms, interpretivists believe that humans are complex creatures whose behavior cannot be explained by social norms. Thus, this is a summary of the difference between positivism and interpretivism.
Reference:1. Crossman, Ashley. “The Evolution of Positivism in the Study of Sociology.” ThoughtCo, 8 Jan. 2018, Available here.
2. M, Paulina. “Interpretivism in Sociology: Definition & Origin.” Study.com, Available here.
3. “Positivism.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Aug. 2017, Available here.Image Courtesy:1. “1552831”(CC0) via Pxhere
2. “1018333” (CC0) via Pixabay
